ABSTRACT
La varicela es una enfermedad común en la edad pediátrica que generalmente presenta una evolución benigna y auto-limitada. Sin embargo, en el paciente inmunocomprometido adquiere una forma clínica de mayor gravedad conocida como varicela progresiva con mayor riesgo de complicaciones viscerales. Se presenta el caso de una paciente escolar femenina de 10 años de edad, quien durante estudio de protocolo para síndrome febril prolongado, presenta exantema vesicular con evolución a contenido hemorrágico, umbilicadas en su centro, pruriginosas, de distribución universal. Se mantiene en fase vesicular hasta su octavo día, cuando evolucionan algunas lesiones a costras, con persistencia de lesiones en su mayoría vesiculares durante veinte días y hepatomegalia dolorosa a la palpación. Paraclínicos: Elevación progresiva de transaminasas. Perfil inmunoreumatológico reporta AAN +++ patrón moteado y ANCA ++ patrón citoplasmático, patrón perinuclear ++, por lo que se asocia el diagnóstico de enfermedad del tejido conectivo en estudio: lupus eritematoso sistémico. Se concluye que la varicela en el paciente inmunocomprometido cursa como una enfermedad grave debido a alta probabilidad de diseminación visceral que pueden presentar, por lo que es importante la profilaxis postexposición con inmunoglobulina zoster o el uso de antivirales como aciclovir y la prevención a través de la vacunación contra la varicela en todo paciente inmunocompetente, y en el paciente pediátrico con enfermedad reumatológica antes del inicio del tratamiento inmunosupresor, al igual que a todos sus contactos.
Varicella is a common illness in children, usually has a self-limited and benign course. However, in immunocompromised patient acquires a more severe clinical form known as progressive varicella with increased risk of visceral complications. We present a 10-years-old female patient, who during diagnostic workup of prolonged febrile illness, presents vesicular rash with hemorrhagic content evolution, umbilication at its center, itchy with universal distribution. It remains in vesicular stage until the eighth day when some injuries evolve to crusts, with persistent vesicular lesions mostly for twenty days and hepatomegaly painful on palpation. Paraclinical: Progressive elevation of transaminases. Profile immuno-rheumatic findings AAN +++ speckled pattern and ANCA ++, cytoplasmic pattern and perinuclear pattern ++, so the diagnosis of connective tissue disease under study is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. We conclude that primary varicella infection in immunocompromised patient represents a serious disease, because of high probability of visceral dissemination that may present, so it is important postexposure prophylaxis with zoster immunoglobulin or use of antivirals such as aciclovir and prevention through varicella vaccination around immunocompetent patient, and in pediatric patients with rheumatic disease before the onset of immunosuppressive therapy, as vaccination to all contacts.
ABSTRACT
Functional assessment, and function-based treatments, are the gold standard for the treatment of problem behavior. Historically, these assessment and treatment evaluations have been conducted in austere clinical settings to increase internal validity. While prioritizing internal validity is critical in the initial stages of a treatment evaluation, if there is not an eventual shift to prioritizing the external or social validity of the treatment it may inevitably fail in the natural environment. The purpose of this case example is to outline a socially valid approach to the assessment and treatment of problem behavior that ensures individuals' and their families' lives benefit in meaningful ways. More specifically, this case-example will outline a method of prioritizing social validity to identify treatment goals, conduct functional analysis, evaluate and generalize treatment, and implement caregiver training.
La evaluación funcional y los tratamientos funcionales son el estándar de oro para el tratamiento de la conducta problemática. Históricamente, esas evaluaciones y tratamientos se han conducido en escenarios clínicos austeros para aumentar la validez interna. Si bien el priorizar la validez interna es crítico en las etapas iniciales de la evaluación de un tratamiento, si eventualmente no hay un cambio para priorizar la validez externa o social del tratamiento, éste puede fallar en un escenario natural. El propósito del ejemplo de caso que se presenta en este trabajo es mostrar una aproximación válida para la evaluación y tratamiento de conducta problemática que asegura que las vidas de los individuos y de sus familias se beneficien de forma significativa. Más específicamente, el ejemplo de caso que se presenta mostrará un método para identificar las metas del tratamiento priorizando la validez social, para conducir un análisis funcional, evaluar y generalizar el tratamiento y entrenar al cuidador.
ABSTRACT
Background: Puberty is a developmental stage of increased insulin resistance that also is a critical period for bone mass accrual. Historically, African Americans (AA) have lesser risk for osteoporotic fractures compared to European Americans (EA). AA also have higher incidence of insulin resistance. The possibility that bone health and insulin secretion or concentrations are linked has not been investigated. Aims: We aimed to examine the associations of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) with insulin sensitivity and secretion in healthy adolescent girls and healthy female adults and to evaluate ethnic differences in these associations. Study Design: Observational cohort design. Place and Duration of the Study: University of Alabama at Birmingham, between January 2010 and September 2011. Methodology: Healthy, female, non-smoking adolescents and young adults (14-55 years) were enrolled in this observational cohort study. Results: Adolescents had significantly higher fasting insulin (P=0.0002), insulin area under the curve [AUC] (P= 0.0004) and lower insulin sensitivity (P=0.0005) compared to adults. Among adolescents, AA race was significantly associated with BMD (β=0.086, P=0.01) and BMAD (β=0.0075, P=0.002); however, adjusting for insulin AUC explained this difference. Insulin AUC (β=0.0006, P=0.029) and fasting insulin (β=0.0005, P=0.01) were positively associated with BMAD only in AA adolescents. Insulin AUC and fasting insulin were not significant predictors of BMD for adults. Conclusion: The higher insulin concentration among AA adolescents is associated with increased BMD and higher BMAD.